Transformer Engineering

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Transformer Engineering Design, Technology, and Diagnostics

Book Description

Transformer Engineering

Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and Diagnostics, Second Edition helps you design better transformers, apply advanced numerical field computations more effectively, and tackle operational and maintenance issues. Building on the bestselling Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice, this greatly expanded second edition also emphasizes diagnostic aspects and transformer-system interactions.

What’s New in This Edition

• Three new chapters on electromagnetic fields in transformers, transformer-system interactions and modeling, and monitoring and diagnostics
• An extensively revised chapter on recent trends in transformer technology
• An extensively updated chapter on short-circuit strength, including failure mechanisms and safety factors
• A step-by-step procedure for designing a transformer
• Updates throughout, reflecting advances in the field

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Table of Contents

Transformer Fundamentals

Perspective

Applications and Types of Transformers

Principles and the Equivalent Circuit

Representation of a Transformer in Power System

Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests

Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

Parallel Operation of Transformers

References

Magnetic Characteristics

Construction

Hysteresis, Eddy, and Anomalous Losses

Excitation Characteristics

Over-Excitation Performance

No-Load Loss Test

Impact of Manufacturing Processes

Inrush Current

Influence of the Core Construction and Winding Connections on No-Load Harmonic Phenomenon

Transformer Noise

Rotational Core Losses

References

Impedance Characteristics

Reactance Calculation

Different Approaches for Reactance Calculation

Analytical Methods

Numerical Method for Reactance Calculation

Impedance Characteristics of Three-Winding Transformers

Reactance Calculation for Zigzag Transformers

Zero-Sequence Reactances

Stabilizing Tertiary Winding

References

Eddy Currents and Winding Stray Losses

Field Equations

Poynting Vector

Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses

Effect of Saturation

Eddy Losses in Transformer Windings

Circulating Current Loss in Transformer Windings

References

Stray Losses in Structural Components

Factors Influencing Stray Losses

Overview of Methods for Stray Loss Estimation

Core Edge Loss

Stray Loss in Frames

Stray Loss in Flitch Plates

Stray Loss in Tank

Stray Loss in Bushing Mounting Plates

Evaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current Leads

Measures for Stray Loss Control

Methods for Experimental Verification

Estimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation Condition

Load Loss Measurement

References

Short-Circuit Stresses and Strength

Short-Circuit Currents

Thermal Capability During a Short-Circuit

Short-Circuit Forces

Dynamic Behavior under Short-Circuits

Failure Modes Due to Radial Forces

Failure Modes Due to Axial Forces

Failure Modes Due to Interactive (Combined Axial and Radial) Forces

Effect of Prestress

Short-Circuit Test

Effect of Inrush Current

Split-Winding Transformers

Short-Circuit Withstand

Calculation of Electrodynamic Force between Parallel Conductors

Design of Clamping Structures

References

Surge Phenomena in Transformers

Initial Voltage Distribution

Ground Capacitance Calculations

Capacitance of Windings

Inductance Calculation

Standing Waves and Traveling Waves

Methods for Analysis of Impulse Distribution

Computation of Impulse Voltage Distribution Using State Variable Method

Winding Design for Reducing Internal Overvoltages

References

Insulation Design

Calculation of Stresses for Simple Configurations

Field Computations

Factors Affecting Insulation Strength

Test Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL)

Insulation between Two Windings

Internal Insulation

Design of End Insulation

High-Voltage Lead Clearances

Statistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality Enhancement

References

Cooling Systems

Modes of Heat Transfer

Cooling Arrangements

Dissipation of Core Heat

Dissipation of Winding Heat

Aging and Life Expectancy

Direct Hot Spot Measurement

Static Electrification Phenomenon

Recent Trends in Computations

References

Structural Design

Importance of Structural Design

Different Types of Loads and Tests

Classification of Transformer Tanks

Tank Design

Methods of Analysis

Overpressure Phenomenon in Transformers

Seismic Analysis

Transformer Noise: Characteristics and Reduction

Transport Vibrations and Shocks

References

Special Transformers

Rectifier Transformers

Converter Transformers for HVDC

Furnace Transformers

Phase Shifting Transformers

References

Electromagnetic Fields in Transformers: Theory and Computations – New!

Perspective

Basics of Electromagnetic Fields Relevant to Transformer Engineering

Potential Formulations

Finite Element Method

FEM Formulations

Coupled Fields in Transformers

Computation of Performance Parameters

References

Transformer-System Interactions and Modeling – New!

Power Flow Analysis with Transformers

Harmonic Studies

Ferroresonance

Arc Furnace Application

Geomagnetic Disturbances

Sympathetic Inrush Phenomenon

Internal Resonances Due to System Transients

Very Fast Transient Overvoltages

Transients in Distribution Transformers

Low,-Mid- and High-Frequency Models of Transformers

References

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