Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles

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Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles

Introduction

Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles

    Electric and Hybrid Electric vehicles are now well known products in the market and are accepted internationally. However, their full potential for penetrating the automobile market is not yet fulfilled, even with the ever expanding awareness of the global warming problem due to the fossil fuel use. This is, in part, due to the low cost and ever abundance of fossil fuels for the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. The abundance of hydrocarbon fuels is not going the change for decades and perhaps for centuries. 

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    Therefore, the electric and hybrid electric vehicles will dominate the automobile market only if they provide better and more appropriate products for the present and future needs of the automobile user. For example, a very low cost electric vehicle can dominate the market in the developing countries with no fossil fuel resources of their own, where conventional cars are too expensive for the middle class family to purchase and operate. Further, a conventional vehicle, with full size internal combustion engine, can be optimized for performance, fuel economy, emissions, and cost, by a small traction motor/generator hybridization. Such a vehicle can be a superior product, in comparison to the conventional cars, with a small incremental cost, for the developed world markets.

Electric Motors and Drives

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Table of Content

1. Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation

1.1 Air Pollution

1.2 Global Warming

1.3 Petroleum Resources

1.4 Induced Costs

1.5 Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply

1.6 History of EVs

1.7 History of HEVs

1.8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles

2. Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Braking

2.1 General Description of Vehicle Movement

2.2 Vehicle Resistance

2.3 Dynamic Equation

2.4 Tire–Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort

2.5 Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed

2.6 Vehicle Performance

2.7 Operating Fuel Economy

2.8 Brake Performance

3. Internal Combustion Engines

3.1 Spark Ignition Engine

3.2 Compression Ignition Engine

3.3 Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fuel Engines

4. Vehicle Transmission

4.1 Power Plant Characteristics

4.2 Transmission Characteristics

4.3 Manual Gear Transmission (MT)

4.4 Automatic Transmission

4.5 Continuously Variable Transmission

4.6 Infinitely Variable Transmissions

4.7 Dedicated Hybrid Transmission (DHT)

5. Electric Vehicles

5.1 Configurations of Electric Vehicles

5.2 Performance of Electric Vehicles

5.3 Tractive Effort in Normal Driving

5.4 Energy Consumption

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